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The papal election from November 1268 to September 1, 1271, following the death of Pope Clement IV, was the longest papal election in the history of the Catholic Church.〔Wright, David. 2005, April 18. "(Inside Longest Papal Conclave in History )." ''ABC News''.〕〔McWhirter, Norris. 1983. ''Guinness Book of World Records''. Bantam Books. p. 464.〕 This was due primarily to political infighting between the cardinals. The election of Teobaldo Visconti as Pope Gregory X was the first example of a papal election by "Compromise."〔Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. ''The Papal Conclaves, as They Were and as They are''. Chapman and Hall. p. 54.〕 The election was effected by a Committee of six cardinals agreed to by the other remaining ten. The election occurred more than a year after the magistrates of Viterbo locked the cardinals in, reduced their rations to bread and water, and legendarily removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo.〔〔〔Bower, Archibald. 1766. ''The History of the Popes: From the Foundation of the See of Rome to the Present Time''. p. 283-284.〕 As a result of the length of the election, during which three of the twenty cardinal-electors died and one resigned, Gregory X promulgated the apostolic constitution ''Ubi periculum'' on July 7 (or 16), 1274, during the Second Council of Lyon, establishing the papal conclave, whose rules were based on the tactics employed against the cardinals in Viterbo. The election itself is sometimes viewed as the first conclave.〔Levillain, Philippe, ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3. p. 392.〕 ==Cardinal electors== The dynamic of the conclave was divided between the French Angevin cardinals, mostly created by Pope Urban IV, who were amenable to an invasion of Italy by Charles of Anjou, and the non-French (mostly Italian) cardinals whose numbers were just sufficient to prevent a French pope from being elected.〔Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "(Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216-1294) )."〕 Clement IV's crowning of Charles of Anjou as King of Naples and Sicily, previously a papal fief,〔Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. ''Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8. p. 41.〕 had cemented the influence of the French monarchy in the Italian peninsula and created an intense division within the College of Cardinals between those who opposed and supported French influence, and by extension, ultramontanism.〔Trollope, 1876, p. 59.〕 Conradin, the last ruler of the House of Hohenstaufen, had been beheaded in Naples just a month before the death of Clement IV.〔Trollope, 1876, p. 60.〕 At the death of Clement IV there were twenty cardinals in the Sacred College.〔R. Sternfeld , ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277'' (Berlin 1905), p. 156; John Paul Adams (Sede Vacante 1268-71 ); K. Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'' (1913) p. 8; cfr. Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "(Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216-1294) )." Bernard Ayglerius, O.S.B., abbot of Monte Cassino, allegedly the only cardinal created by Clement IV, has been excluded from the list of the cardinals because there is no documentary proof of his cardinalate, see Eubel, p. 8 and John Paul Adams (Sede Vacante 1268-71 ); Sternfed does not mention Bernard at all and at p.200 says that there was no creation of new cardinals between 1262 and 1273.〕 One cardinal (Rodolphe of Albano) was entirely absent and died during the vacancy.〔R. Sternfeld, ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277'' (Berlin 1905), p. 156; John Paul Adams (Sede Vacante 1268-71 )〕 Therefore, there were nineteen cardinal electors in the election in 1269,〔 but subsequently two of them died.〔〔R. Sternfeld, ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277'' (Berlin 1905), p. 156〕 † denotes a cardinal elector who died during the election. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papal election, 1268–71」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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